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The British Empire Reaches Its Height
Historians, economists, and statesman recognize that something changed within the British Empire during the period from 1913 to 1920. Through the events of World War I, the cards in the deck of global geopolitics were shuffled and reorganized. As a result of the reshuffling, the United States took the unquestionable title as the most powerful empire in the world and has held the title ever since. And while this may not have been immediately recognized by Britain(or the world), this was the turning point where Britain took a back seat to America. For some, to pinpoint a specific date for such an event, which undoubtedly was also a process, may seem erroneous. However, this article will provide evidence for the claim that 1913 to 1920 was the height of the British Empire.
When the evidence is examined, World War I and the decisions that were made during and in its aftermath, cost the British Empire and its people immensely. Although it is easy to look at the causes and try to place blame, there is also a force which is outside any human control dictating the direction of empires. That's because when a rising empire reaches 144 years of age, this is always the moment when the empires of the western world have historically changed hands. See this article for more explanation.
The British Empire's Territory
By 1913, the British Empire had grown to encompass 24 percent of the world's landmass and also roughly the same percentage of the global population. This included over 400 million people which at the time was the largest empire in world history. In 1913, even its neighboring island, Ireland, began to more aggressively vie for its independence, which it declared in 1919 and then ultimately achieved in 1920-21. At the same time, Mahatma Gandhi also began a movement to encourage civil disobedience to the British government in India.
An article from JD Whelpley writing for the North American Review in 1925 acknowledged that something changed in 1913. He stated:
In 1913, the British Empire was the most powerful political and economic organization in the world. ...Great Britain, the Mother Country of the Empire, gave of her strength to the Allies with such liberality as not only to check any natural increase but to bring about a certain degree of exhaustion.1
Whelpley went on to describe that within Great Britain, a new class of statesman arose which wished to do away with the old guard. Furthermore, it seemed that a nationalist movement was occurring at almost every edge of the British Empire. He wrote:
Canada has taken the lead in asserting her political and economic independence...and all other English speaking Dominions have followed closely in her wake. The Nationalist movement in India, Egypt and other places under the control of the British Government has grown to such dimensions as to cause grave doubts as to British security in those directions.2
For many nations, the fact that they were required to fight in a war on behalf of the British, had an effect which shifted their broader sentiment towards nationalism.
Britain's Economic Situation
As World War I drug on, the nations involved continually believed it would be over soon. By the time 1916 arrived, the five major nations involved at that point(Austria-Hungary, Britain, Germany, France, and Russia) were spending $3 billion per month. This equaled 50 percent of their combined GDP at the time. The war quickly became the most expensive war to date.3
To contrast the pre-war period with the post-war period, British unemployment rates remained steadily in the range of three percent from 1851 to 1913. Following the war, the rates of unemployment sat stubbornly between nine and fifteen percent providing further indication that something changed.4 While some sectors of the economy flourished after the war, British exports were the hardest hit following the war.
The bottom line was that the volume of British exports in the mid-1920s was only about 75% of its 1913 level.5
By 1920, the GDP deflator stood at 270.8 (1913 = 100) and the national debt was £7.8 billion (1.3 times GDP) compared with £0.62 billion (0.25 times GDP) in 1913.6
These two measurements of the British economy following World War I, although simple, highlight the dramatic effects of the war.
Britain's Gold Problem
Similar to the aftermath of most wars, Britain and Europe now had a debt problem on their hands. Out of all the major nations involved in the war, only the United States remained on a gold standard. America had experienced a dramatic influx of gold during the war, just as its new Federal Reserve System was gaining its footing. Ultimately, the amount of debt created by European nations to fund the war, outnumbered the gold backing it. For this reason, the British pound was trading at a discount after the war, around $3.20 relative to what it traded for prior to the war, $4.86. Nevertheless, after the war, British authorities decided that they would try to return to the gold standard at the old par value of $4.86, with the goal to do so by 1925.7
The Austrian economist, Murray Rothbard questioned Britain's motive for trying to return to a gold standard at an "overvalued par" since it defied economic logic. Prior to 1920, gold moved more freely between nations and free market interest rates regulated the flow of gold. But again, something changed at this point and in answering his own question, Rothbard acknowledged that America was now "financially predominant."
Why did Britain insist on returning to gold at the old overvalued par? Partly it was a vain desire to recapture old glories, to bring back the days when London was the world's financial center. The British did not seem to realize fully that the United States had emerged from the war as a creditor nation, and financially, the strongest one, so that financial predominance was inexorably moving to New York or Washington.8
Unfortunately for Britain, they were never able to return to a true gold standard. Instead, they created something that looked like the gold standard, but in effect, it was not. They did so by limiting normal everyday British citizen's ability to exchange fiat money for gold by stipulating that any gold exchange must be done in bullion, and not in small value coins. By doing so, this kept gold from leaving British vaults except for large depositors such as foreign nations. This gave them hope of returning to an overvalued pound Stirling, without gold escaping their vaults. This system was known by some as the gold-bullion-exchange system and received praise from economists like John Maynard Keynes.
...Keynes emphasized that the gold-exchange standard was a notable advance because it economized on gold internally and internationally, thus allowing greater "elasticity" of money(a longtime code word for ability to inflate credit) in response to business needs. ..."A preference for a tangible reserve currency is...a relic of a time when governments were less trustworthy in these matters than they are now."9
Without going into great detail, ultimately, this new system came tumbling to the ground in 1932 during the Great Depression. However, John Maynard Keynes eventually became one of the men responsible for creating a new international system known as the Bretton Woods system in 1944-45.
A Lesson to be Learned By America
In 1913, Britain was the hegemonic leader of the world. In 1914, they believed that World War I would last no longer than a few months. Unfortunately for Britain, the Great War became a turning point in their nation's history. The argument that this was brought on by fiscal irresponsibility caused by an unforeseen war is a lesson that shouldn't be lost on the world at large, or today's empire, America. Empires come and they go...and America will one day also find itself in the rear view mirror of historical empires, however, the lessons of the past are destined to be "relearned" if America doesn't begin taking a different path. The truth is, fiscal spending and debts matter, and Americans will bear the brunt of their nation's fiscal irresponsibility, regardless of whether we maintain our reserve currency status or not. Consequences for fiscal recklessness will be paid for by the next generations via inflation. If you find yourself in an older generation, ask yourself how you feel about leaving your children and grandchildren with multi-generational debt. Each generation's legacy is to a large degree established by how they steward their various responsibilities for the next generation. Judging by America's fiscal situation, the next generation may not look back upon the previous one with a high degree of admiration.
Nevertheless, God is in control and the title of most powerful empire will one day leave America and transfer to the next empire when HE says that it is time...and not a minute sooner or later. Christ is the King of kings.
Sources:
Whelpley, J. D. “The British Empire.” The North American Review 221, no. 826 (1925): 454–67. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25113398.
Whelpley. “The British Empire.”
Ahamed, Liaquat. Lords of Finance: The Bankers Who Broke the World. United Kingdom: Penguin Press, 2009. 76.
Rothbard, Murray Newton. History of Money and Banking in the United States: The Colonial Era to World War II, A. United States: Ludwig von Mises Institute, 2002. 361.
https://cepr.org/voxeu/columns/walking-wounded-british-economy-aftermath-world-war-i
Mitchell, B R (1988), British Historical Statistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. via https://cepr.org.
Rothbard, Murray Newton. History of Money. 357.
Rothbard, Murray Newton. History of Money. 358.
Rothbard, Murray Newton. History of Money. 388.